Company law and social responsibility - Free Essay Example

Basically a profit based company or organization can be defined as a business that is run whose the main objective is to earn money or generate profit, it is the contrary to a non profit based company which more concentrating on a goal on helping the community and money is only important so that it remain operating. In other words the money that they spent or invested should be lesser than what they are taking in.[1] However, innumerable companies agreed and firm that they are obligated to give back to society or the community. This prominence involves contributions of time and money, accountable to offer environmentally friendly goods and services, as well as the aspiration to develop and advance the lives of individuals here and throughout the world. Such socially accountable and trustworthy companies perceive to it such a consciousness permeates everything they do. Huge companies nowadays affirm that the reason they are in business is not merely to gain profits, but they have the intention on helping some greater social purpose. They proclaim their determinations to generate healthier foods or more fuel-efficient vehicles, preserve energy and further resources in their operations, apart from making the world a better place to live in. Prominent foundations like the Academy of Management and the United Nations are one of the companies that inspire companies to practice such approaches.[2] The reason why companies had turned towards to other notion that is social responsibilities to serve the larger needs of the community is due to the fascination they had in gaining profit that had cause consequences and difficulties to the company. By concentrating their complete determination on the bottom line, lots companies have lower down their worth to the other constituencies that justly great companies serve, i.e. customers, employees and society.[3] Disadvantages One of the paramount disadvantages of a profit-making business is that it is required to make payment of taxes on its profits. This is the sole reason why there are plenty of companies are hard-working in attempting to take advantage of every accessible business income tax reductions. Profitable businesses should make hard decisions for example whether the profits should be reinvested in future development and progress or just merely issuing and administer it to shareholders from the dividend settlement and clearance. Moneymaking businesses too have to handle and manage with enhanced 21st century outlooks and hopes that they would be able to maintain the stability of profits with social as well as environmental responsibility.[4] Cases and Critical Analysis It shall not be shocking and unexpected that profitable services exist in the chi ld-care landscape. Nonetheless, the past decades arise of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“big-boxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  child care located in Canada has been received with distress by advocates for whom this is found discordant and mismatched with the justifiable, including, greater attribute and excellence in early childhood system they have long taken into account. Research revealed for-profit childcare usually to be substandard and deficient quality than non-profit. Aside from that, a local experience back in the 1970s, Alabama-based Kinder-Care had organize a crucial lobby campaign intended at decreasing Ontarioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s staff-child ratios and the 1980s experience a unpleasant five-month attack over appallingly low wages at Ontarioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Mini-Skool chain. Furthermore, conviction held so that parents would have a say regarding their childcare fairly rather permitting it to be led by a head office or shareholder group. The existence idea of that childcare must improve and boost social presence and community solidarity, not distinguish children and families into groups like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the subsidized poorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the pay-your-own-wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  well-to-do elite. The primary question that must be asked and given answer to is whether child care should be a public good to benefit all members of the society or a business whose objectives could have been little to do with assisting children, families and community.[5] Milton Friedman and Thomas Mulligan acknowledge the values of a profit-driven economic system. They had never argued over the essentiality of profits. However, they do disagree over whether or not business or companies have responsibilities beyond gaining profits. Friedman assures that the solitary duty of business is to gain profits. He claims that anybody who upholds otherwise is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“preaching pure and unadulterated socialism.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [6] Whereas, Mulligan challenges Friedmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã ¢â€ž ¢s statement rests on a debatable paradigm, a made-up principle, and a logic that occasionally lacks persuasiveness.[7] As stated by Mulligan, Friedman is spot-on in indicating that implementing social responsibility cost a lot of usage of money. If nothing else, a company suffers outlay upon providing the man-hours required in contemplating the potential social effects of alternatives acts and appraise the advantage or disadvantage of each set of results. However, Friedman is mistaken in alleged that such cost is necessary to be enforce by one business stakeholder on the rest, outside the entire joint and combined process of tactical and operative business management. He believes overload in implying through his fictional instances that the businessperson whom further the socially responsible course undoubtedly acts exclusive of due devotion to return on investment, budgetary limitations, rational employee remuneration, or reasonable pricing. The aim and objective is to deliver that the thrust is to present that Friedman misinterpret the nature of social responsibility in business and that business people can undergone a socially responsible course without intolerable and unacceptable outcomes requested by Friedman. It would be an additional phase to establish why business people ought to pursue such a course. Being said it is for the responsibility for another occasion. As for now, Mulligan only perceive Friedmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal final proclamation comprises a moral pressure to business people. Business should occupy an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“open and free competition without deception and fraud.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  If Friedman refused to acknowledge that even reserved words rest open a wide array of moral requirement and social responsibility for business, which is after all one of the major areas of individual communication in our society, then the inaccuracy and error belongs to him.[8] In summary, if companies wage their employees more, they will definitely maintain loyalty, decrease turnover, and obtained well-to-do employees. In a long period of time, this shall lessen the training and employing costs. Apart from that, expanding customer satisfaction shall result to increase revenue. Not only that, remunerating the employees more, companies will also place more money in the hands consumers, who will later turn around and spend it to purchase goods and services from companies. Thus, companies will assist to quicken the progression and development of the economy as a whole. By achieving such, the companies will also develop successfully. In succession, it will help generate more abiding and stable shareholder value. [1] https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/for-profit-organization.html; https://managementhelp.org/organizations/types.htm accessed 5 August 14 [2] The Wall Street Journal, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Case Against Corporation Social Responsibiityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (https://online.wsj.com/) https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703338004575230112664504890 accessed 6 August 14 [3] Henry Blodget, Business Insider, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“We Need to Stop Maximizing Profit and Start Maximizing Valueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (https://www.businessinsider.com/)https://www.businessinsider.com/lets-stop-maximizing-profit-and-start-maximizing-value-2012-12?IR=T accessed 8 August 14 [4] Neil Kokemuller, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ What Are the Advantages Disadvantages of Profit and Non-profit Organizationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ( https://www.ehow.com/) https://bizfluent.com/info-8560192-advantages-disadvantages-profit-nonprofit-organizations.html [5] Raffi Anderian, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Case Against for- profit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"big boxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Child Careà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (https://www.thestar.com/)https://bizfluent.com/info-8560192-advantages-disadvantages-profit-nonprofit-organizations.html [6] Milton friedman, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profits,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  New York Times Magazine (September 13 1970) [7] Thomas Mulligan, from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A Critique of Milton Friendmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Essay à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profits,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ Journal of Business Ethics (1986) [8] (https://econ202.umwblogs.org/) https://econ202.umwblogs.org/files/2012/04/Are-Profits-the-Only-Business-of-Business.pdf

Specific Phobias in Children - Free Essay Example

This research paper will discuss specific phobias among pediatric population: the major topics this paper will address will include how children develop a specific- phobia as well as the most effective treatment for phobias in children. Specific phobia is defined as an extreme fear of a specific object or situation (Sue, Sue, Sue, Sue, 2016). Someone with a specific phobia will react to a stimulus in a way of extreme panic and anxiety in a way that is not equally related to the danger of the stimulus. The primary categories of specific phobias are: living creatures, environmental conditions, blood/ injections or injuries, as well as situational factors. The most common fears among children are; spiders, the dark, scary movies and the fear of being teased. The etiology of phobias includes predisposing genetic factors that interact with psychological, social and sociocultural influences. Having history of anxiety within the family and negative relationships during the early ages are major factors into developing a phobia (Sue, Sue, Sue, Sue, 2016). In psychology there is a multipath model when talking about mental disorders that directly relates to specific phobias as there are a type of mental disorder. Author Sue, Sue, Sue Sue (2016) defined this multipath model a model that provides organizational framework for understanding the numerous influences on the development of mental disorders, the complexity of the interacting components, and the need to view disorders from a holistic framework. The biological dimension will look at the etiology of a phobia in the sense that an individual with a specific phobia as an innate tendency to be anxious as well as have strong emotional response to stimuli. Etiology of phobias from the psychological dimension have several different pathways of how a phobia is developed. The four main perspectives of how a phobia develops in the psychological dimension is through; classical conditioning, observational learning, negative information, and the cognitive behavioral. The sociocultural dimensi on looks at phobias as a level of disgust among different genders, and cultural differences. In the social dimension there is focus on the parental behaviors and these translate to the children. Typically, positive treatment of phobias is through pharmacological treatments by treating anxiety and cognitive behavioral treatments that include Exposure Therapy, Systemic Desensitization, Cognitive Restructuring, and Modeling Therapy. In psychology there are several different perspectives of the etiologies of all the different mental disorders, this is also true when looking at the etiology of phobias as well as the less severe state known as fear. In general, the perspectives are classified into the four dimensions; biological, psychological, social, and socio-cultural (Sue, Sue, Sue, Sue, 2016). The etiology of phobias as well as fears over lap since fear is the initial response that initiates a phobia. The perspectives are broken down further into specifics to directly reference phobia etiology; the classical, vicarious, and informative pathways for fear acquisition, the preparedness framework, non-associative theory, fear module theory, and cognitive models. Coelho and Purkins (2009), looked in to each of these different perspectives by looking at different prior research that fell into each perspective. The classical, vicarious and informative pathways for fear purpose that fear in general is learned from parent and guardian influences. One study showed the levels of fear in a child based on the mother or female guardian in a childs life, how she would display responses of fear. If the mother of child expressed high levels of a fear response in front of a child to a specific stimulus the child would also show a high fear response to a stimulus would also be very high and likely cause he child to develop a phobia. Whereas, if the mother of a child was able to contain their fear response to a stimulus the child would have not have a fear response to the stimulus (Coelho Purkins 2009). Ultimately, this showed that a childs fear response is highly dependent on the mothers fear response. The second perspective the Coelho and Purkins looked at was the preparedness framework. This perspective looks at the specifics of how biologic components play a role in the development of a phobia. The preparedness framework looks at the idea that particular stimuli are evolutionarily predisposed to generate a fear response in humans. According to Coelho and Purkins (2009), Charles Darwin noticed that some fears might appear by natural selection. After observing his 2-year-old son being afraid of large animalsDarwin questioned whether fears in children, that seem independent of experiences are effects of hereditariness of real dangers during prehistoric times. A later study that was conducted by Rachman showed a perspective that overtime children will develop the needed abilities to deal with predispositions to fears and actual fears by habituations and experiences. Fears that were not eliminated be resistant to extinction and habituation and were thought to be conditionally learne d, resulting in the rare and uncommon fears that lead to phobias and the environment helps in this process (Coelho Purkins 2009). An example of this theory is that a child that lives in an urban area may be more likely to be afraid of animals such as horses or chickens whereas a child that lives in a country area would be more likely to not be afraid of these farm animals. The reasoning behind this is due to the level of exposure to the stimuli each child experienced, thus leading the comfortability level each child has with the stimulus resulting whether a fear response is activated. This next perspective of how phobias come to be is counter to preparedness, is the non-associative theory. The non-associative theory originates from the observation that each species have fears that are part of their development. But the hypothesizes these may occur without the direct or indirect experiences with the stimulus (Coelho Purkins 2009). Classical condition does not need to occur for a phobia to happen but there has to have been a stimulus or situation that occurred for fear responses to be activated. The studies conducted show that fear is not innate, so a child will not express fear upon the first interaction with the phobic stimulus. The following perspective is the Fear Module Theory, this theory was formed to account for the uneven distribution of fear while discounting non-associative fear acquisition. The fear module theory looks at four characteristics; relative selectivity to stimuli, automaticity, encapsulation and specific neuronal circuit (Coelho Purkins 2009). Selectiveness looks at the extent to which a certain stimulus activates the fear module. Automatism is fast reflex activation of defense to a stimulus. Encapsulation is the relative independence and resistance of the fear response, from conscious cognitive control. The neuronal aspect of the fear module looks at the idea that the fear module is controlled by a specific circuit (Coelho Purkins 2009). The final etiology perspective of phobias is cognitive models. Cognitive models look at the idea that conditioning can be conceptualized as a cognitive process. A participant will learn to that a determined stimulus precedes adverse outcomes. Fear is not only related to a biological preparation, but also to attributions regarding safety and danger to a stimulus. In general, this perspective looks at the ability that I child has to cope with the stimulus. This is directly related to the whether a child maybe anxious or not. Their level of cognitive ability to process the stimulus will play a role in the way that they respond. Understanding the etiology of phobias is crucial determining the treatment approach. It is clear that cognitive behavioral treatments are the basis when treating a child that has phobias. While there are many forms of cognitive behavioral treatments, intensive exposure treatments seem to be common. In an original study Davis et al. (2009), focused on one session treatment and the exposes process needed. The process of the authors experiment is summarized as followed. Before the main set of treatment, clinicians used diagnostic and functional assessment to find the exact type of stimulus that caused the fear reaction in each child. Diagnostic assessment is crucial in establishing the phobia and the fear response but also in the planning the treatment session, the functional assessment allows for the transition between assessment and treatment During this point the clinician would try to get the child to want to be involved with the process rather than just agreed to go along. During this point in time the parent and child motivation was determined to understand the purpose of the treatment. (Davis et al. 2009). The purpose of the treatment was to use mechanisms to elect fear, so cognitions could be activated and addressed, permits fear to habituate and avoidances to extinguish, as well as prevented behavioral and cognitive avoidance in safe environments. Treatment consisted of one three-hour session with breaks only to combat fatigue of the child but did not reinforce any avoidance behaviors. During treatment the child was exposed to age appropriate cognitive challenges, this would include asking the child what they think would happen during exposure and then asking the child to discuss what happened during this step of exposure. It is important to highlight the positives of the situation with the child, making sure the child understands that what they thought would happen is not what actually happened. The clinician may also use participant modeling. This can include the clinician modeling the step of exposure with the stimulus as well as modeling the proper coping techniques to go along with the size of the stimulus. This part of the treatment starts with the clinician showing how to deal with the stimulus, to including the child, to the clinician removing self from modeling the situation. During each exposure step the child is continuously exposed to the stimulus until fear is reduced by 50 percent, this will ensure routine to the child to reduce the fear the stimulus causes. Reinforcement is used to give the kids a sense of accomplishment. Verbal praise and physical contact of such as a pat on the back. During the reinforcement do not allow a chance for avoidance. Praise should be given for a positive improvement, praise should never be given to a child that expresses avoidance behaviors. (Davis et al. 2009) After the treatment session parents were brought in to have the children show their parents their new-found skills and ability to interact with stimulus as a positive reinforcement of the behaviors. A this point parents are informed about the positive coping mechanisms that the child learned during the treatment session. They also received information to help the child with self-exposure experiences. Self-exposures should occur for constantly for one month after session to solidify and maximize the treatment gain (Davis et al. 2009). The experimenters had concluded that this type of a treatment would be highly effective in children and to be the most cost and time effective form of treatment. Being able to have the length of exposures be longer made it easier for the habituation of the phobia. One longer treatment of 180 minutes had higher effects that 300 minutes of spaced out treatment. The next treatment method ties into the previous treatment, this treatment is the combination of pharmacological and cognitive behavioral. Farrell, (2018) looked at the effect of D-cycloserine we paired with one session treatments. The main focus of the experiment was to see if D-cycloserine enhanced exposure therapy outcomes. The effects of D-cycloserine in children were compared to those that received a placebo. Opposing the hypothesis that D-cycloserine would have enhancing effects, there were no major differences of the effects of the children that received D-cycloserine versus the children that had had the placebo. This experiment was a small sample size resulting in a limitation of not having enough information to fully rule out the effectiveness of augmenting one session treatments with D-cycloserine. The next part of the paper will outline limitations of treating children with phobias that also have ADHD. A large part of the child population has ADHD or express behaviors that are typical of ADHD, a major question in the study of child phobias is how effective treatment would be in these children. In an experiment conducted Halldorsdottir et al. (2016), looked at the effectiveness of both one session treatments and educational support treatment in treating phobias in children with ADHD. Symptoms continued to be significantly associated with poor long term out comes of both one session treatment and educational support treatment. For one session treatments, ADHD interfered with sustained anxious arousal that is necessary for habituations to occur and to solidify the effects of a one session treatment. This is due to the distractibility of ADHD, decreasing the effectiveness of exposures. But conduct problems related to ADHD do not affect cognitive behavioral treatment of anxiety. Ed ucational support treatments were not effective because psychoeducation interferes with the cognitive behavioral therapy. The more one knows about the treatment and the phobias the less effective treatment will be (Halldorsdottir et al. 2016). In conclusion, it is clear that there are many different perspectives to the etiology of phobias in children. Understanding each of these perspectives and how they all interact with one another will ultimately be the deciding factor for treatment options. Observations concerning distinct models of fear acquisition are best understood as part of a continuum. Looking at and understanding each of the extreme ends allows for the better understanding of the middle of the continuum. In an extreme case of fear response being purely innate, these are so prepared that they show as instinctual defensive reactions. The opposite side of this continuum are the situations should be due to aversions being related to a large quantity of aversive experiences. (Coelho Purkins 2009). Behaviors cannot be plainly separated into cognitive and emotional categories, the areas of the brain work in connection to one another rather than in isolation. Fear relevant stimuli are more infrequent to non-fear-rela ted stimuli, fear of a stimulus comes from the idea that familiarity and experiences. The most common form of treatment is cognitive behavioral, one session exposure therapy treatments and the use of pharmacological treatment has not been proven to be as effective (Coelho Purkins 2009; Farrell 2018). While this appears the most effective way to treat phobias in children there remain limitations regarding the populations the treatment will work on as it was not effective in children with ADHD (Halldorsdottir et al. 2016). References Coelho, C. M., Purkins, H. (2009). The origins of specific phobias: Influential theories and current perspectives. Review of General Psychology, 13(4), 335â€Å"348. https://doi-org.ursus-proxy-1.ursus.maine.edu/10.1037/a0017759 Davis, T. E., Ollendick, T. H., ?–st, L. (2009). Intensive treatment of specific phobias in children and adolescents. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(3), 294-303. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.12.008 Farrell, L. (2018). D?cycloserine?augmented one?session treatment of specific phobias in children and adolescents. Brain and Behavior, 8(6): 10.1002/brb3.984 Halldorsdottir, T., Ollendick, T. H. (2016). Long-term outcomes of brief, intensive CBT for specific phobias: The negative impact of ADHD symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(5), 465â€Å"471. https://doi-org.ursus-proxy-1.ursus.maine.edu/ 10.1037/ccp000008 Sue, D., Sue, D. W., Sue, D. M., Sue, S. (2016). Understanding abnormal behavior. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Waters, A. M., Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K. (2014). Biased attention to threat in pediatric anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, separation anxiety disorder) as a function of distress versus fear diagnostic categorization. Psychological Medicine, 44(3), 607-16. doi:https://dx.doi.org.ursusproxy1.ursus.maine.edu/10.1017/S0033291713000779

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The Physics Of Mechanical Engineering - 924 Words

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Building the Boeing 787 - 1334 Words

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This is done by analyzing the tangible amp; intangible resources, capabilities, and core competencies in order to clarify Boeing’s strengths and weaknesses. Resources Exhibit 1 Tangible | Intangible | Manufacturing plants | Boeing’s digital design software | Composite and metal materials | Dynamic assembly line | HeadquartersRead MoreBoeing 787 Dreamliner: Time, Budget and Project Performance Analysis1193 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Contents Boeing 787 Dreamliner: Time, Budget and Project Performance Analysis 1 Introduction. 1.1 In developing the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, Boeing executive management’s initial decisions and project management strategies did not control the four major measurements of project success: time, budget, performance and client acceptance (Pinto, 2013, pp. 35,36). 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Works cited â€Æ' I. Introduction I am the Project Manager developing the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. The development of this state-of-the-art airplane will include an international team of aerospace companies led by Boeing. The advancesRead MoreBoeing And Airbus Approach The Aircraft Marketplace1626 Words   |  7 PagesDominating the commercial aircraft market for decades, Boeing is considered to be the most highly competitive U.S aerospace industry. â€Å"U.S. firms manufacture a wide variety of products for civil and defense purposes and, in 2010, the value of aerospace industry shipments was estimated at $171 billion, of which civil aircraft and aircraft parts accounted for over half of all U.S. aerospace shipments. The U.S. aerospace industry exported nearly $78 billion in products in 2010, of which $67 billionRead MoreBest Practices in Continuous Process Flow704 Words   |  3 PagesSix Sigma concepts to deliver exceptional customer experiences (Teresko, 2008). Zappos was able to automate the complex order ca pture, distributed order management and returns processes of online retailing while at the same time concentrating on building a unique, differentiated customer experience on their website. The result was a unified business model that continually performed above customer expectations due to heavy reliance on conditions process flow development combined with labor-savingRead MoreBoeing 787 Dreamliner : An Innovation3624 Words   |  15 Pages Boeing 787 Dreamliner: An Innovation in Composites Carl Bunge, Alex Morgan, John Montgomery, Aaron Paul Pinkoske, Jay Pittenger, Daniel Pollastro, Omar Ruiz, Mitchell Scott MSE 201 December 1, 2014 Imagine flying at 30,000 feet in the air. You are warm, comfortable and possibly have a movie to watch. But the thought that a small fraction of an inch of material is all that separates you from the exterior of the plane makes you second guess your

The Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay - 1776 Words

The use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II was a controversial decision that was made by President Truman. On August 6, 1945, President Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima and three days later a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. It brought an end to the bloody war in the Pacific after 4 years. Making Japan surrender in the face of unimaginable force and significant destruction on Japan’s soil. Nevertheless, Truman’s decision took millions of Japanese soldiers and innocent civilian’s lives from a gruesome battle; the â€Å"decision†, became one of the most controversial event of World War II. While President Truman made his final decision to drop the atomic bomb, the origins of the bomb began with President Franklin D. Roosevelt who was the president at that time when the talks of the Manhattan Project started to spread. The Manhattan Project originally began in Europe during the year o f 1939. â€Å"President Franklin D. Roosevelt received a letter from Albert Einstein, which Einstein had actually written on August 2, 1939. The letter told of a new field of physics that was showing that the element uranium could undergo nuclear fission, with the resultant release of a great deal of energy†. (The Manhattan Project 1). Albert Einstein also told President Roosevelt that the Germans were also pursuing this matter. President Roosevelt was convinced about the situation and he formed a research committee. This led to theShow MoreRelatedAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki844 Words   |  4 Pagesdropped atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki killing nearly 200,000 people. This resulted in Japans surrender in World War II. J. Samuel Walker analyzes this historical event in his book Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs. Over the past 70 years’ extensive research has been conducted and there is an underst anding that Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs is inconclusive. It is impossible to determine that the use of the bomb was the quickestRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1302 Words   |  6 PagesAllies almost one week after being hit with two atomic bombs. On August 6, 1945 during World War II an American B-29 bomber dropped the world s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city Hiroshima, wiping out 90 percent of the city and killing 80,000 people immediately. Three days later a second B-29 dropped another atomic bomb on the Japanese city Nagasaki, killing around 40,000 people. (The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki) The Hiroshima/Nagasaki bombings were necessary because it played aRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki884 Words   |  4 PagesFearful cries spread through the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the atomic bombs were dropped. Thousands of people were killed instantly, with the rest left critically injured. Eventual ly, it was measured that 135,000 people were killed as a result of these bombs. We know that many people were killed. But how and why were the atomic bombs created? Who decided to use them? These questions all contribute to the fact that the atomic bombs impacted the world greatly. It all started when WorldRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1515 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Question: Was it necessary for President Truman to drop the atomic bomb in Japan? Was it necessary for Truman to drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan in World War II? On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped by a US aircraft on Hiroshima. This atomic bomb was dropped to force Japan into surrender, this bomb alone destroyed Hiroshima and over 90,000 people were instantly killed in the explosion and an additional 100,000 people perished from burns and radiation sickness. Japan refusedRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1764 Words   |  8 Pagesmake the decision to drop the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki however, President Truman was ultimately the man who made the final decision to launch ‘Little Boy’ and destroy Hiroshima, Nagasaki and their civilians, thus forcing an end to the war. Although there were many alternatives presented to President Truman, it is unknown as to whether they would have actually succeeded in ending the war or producing less casualties. Truman made the decision to drop these bombs in the heat of war but h is justificationRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1364 Words   |  6 PagesOn the 6th of August 1945 America dropped the atomic bomb by the name of ‘Little Boy’ dropped by the plane ‘Enola Gay’ on the Japanese city, Hiroshima. Three days later on the 9th of August America dropped another bombed called, ‘Fat Man’ on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. A surrender was received and accepted by America on the 15th of August and the war against Japan had ended. Harry S. Truman, the man responsible for dropping the bombs claims it ended the war more efficiently and was in fact theRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesDespite the extreme devastation, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were necessary. The atomic bomb is a weapon unmatched in warfare, rapidly releasing nuclear energy by fission of atomic nuclei. Desperate times call for desperate measures, which is why America chose to unleash its most deadly weapon, the atomic bomb, on Japan. America, who had already fought in World War II for over four years, had no desire to perpetuate the war. When Japan refused to surrender, America was leftRead MoreAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1074 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many different ways in which WWII could have ended. Rather than taking the risk of dropping atomic bombs on Japan, many people believe that one of the alternative options would have been much more sensible. The variety of possible options the U.S. could have taken to finish the war have been analyzed for years. Though Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki is one of the most controversial and debated topics in history, this researcher believes that he madeRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1998 Words   |  8 Pagesto drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Joon Jung 2/21/16 Word Count: 1848 Section A: Identification and Evaluation of Sources Research Question: Was it necessary for President Truman to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Was it necessary for Truman to drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan in World War II? On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped by a US aircraft on Hiroshima. This atomic bomb was dropped to force Japan into surrender, this bomb alone destroyedRead MoreAtomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay1902 Words   |  8 Pagesthe United States dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and three days later dropped another on Nagasaki. This was a significate point in history because there has never been a bomb of this magnitude being use in an urban industrial area. Ultimately the use of the atomic bomb resulted in Japan’s surrender, which aided the allies in drawing closer to ending the war against the Axis Powers. Due to the massive destruction industrially and urbanely the use of the atomic bomb has always been questioned.

Across Organizational & Cultural Boundaries - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theAcross Organizational Cultural Boundaries for Learning. Answer: Six main bases for collaborative advantage The six main bases of collaborative advantage are access to resources, shared risk, efficiency, coordination and seamlessness, learning and the moral imperative. The organization collaborates to share resources when they cant accomplish their objectives with individual resources, for instance, pharmaceutical companies which require resource for production and marketing collaborate to share resources(Kozlenkova, Samaha and Palmatier 2014).Organization collaborates to share the risk of failure of a project, for instance RD projects. Organizations collaborate to gain efficiency in terms of outsourcing, operational efficiency, coordination and economies of scale, for example, public-private partnership (Bingham and O'leary 2014). Coordination and seamlessness is a part of efficiency of an organization, collaboration also promotes mutual learning of organizations. Most importantly, organizations collaborate on moral imperative to eradicate problems on national, society, industrial and org anizational levels (Foss. and Knudsen 2013). Why BenQ initially wanted to join efforts with Siemens Taiwanese companies witnessed a shrink in profit margins for contract manufacturing. In order to achieve a profitable future, the Taiwanese companies wanted to move beyond low-cost manufacturing. Taiwanese companies wanted to build their individual brand names rather than being a contract manufacturer who is almost anonymous in the marketplace. BenQ, the Taiwanese company wanted to acquire Siemens, the German company for its existing brand name which was attractive. BenQ also wanted to enhance its global presence by acquiring Siemens. The launch of the brand Ben-Q Siemens by acquisition of the mobile phone division of Siemens which was losing money proved to be advantageous for BenQ. The merger helped BenQ to become the fourth largest brand of mobile phones across the globe after Nokia, Samsung and Motorola. K.Y. Lee, the chairman of BenQ felt that he will be able to generate profits from the debt-ridden unit of mobile phone of Siemens. Lee was of the opinion that because of the glob al distribution and sales channel of BenQ it was easier for BenQ to achieve profit easily. The manufacturing facilities and economies of scale of Ben Q would also increase by choosing a complimentary partner like Siemens. BenQ initially wanted to join efforts with Siemens because the organization felt that this merger and acquisition will lead to a win-win situation for both companies as more synergy and value in the marketplace will be created by the formation of the brand name BenQ-Siemens (Cheng. and Seeger 2011). Bases for collaborative advantage of the collaboration between BenQ and Siemens The German company, Siemens was not directly paid by BenQ. The 100% stake of mobile phone division of Siemens was acquired by BenQ. Initially an amount of 250 million Euros was provided to BenQ by Siemens for funding the business, later 50 million Euros was spent by Siemens to purchase shares of BenQ which were issued newly. Siemens also incurred the loss of the unit, 1.5 million Euros loss per day. Siemens collaborated with BenQ to develop technologies for handsets. The rights of co-branding was vested to BenQ- Siemens within a tenure of 5 years and the right for the usage of the trademark of Siemens was gained by BenQ for a period of 18 months. BenQ wanted to fulfil the contract agreement of labour with the cell phone employees of Siemens. The share of Siemens was up by 3% and rose to 61.9 Euros because of the transaction (Cheng. and Seeger 2011). Ultimate outcome of the collaboration between BenQ and Siemens The collaboration of BenQ and Siemens failed ultimately. After purchasing the handset division of Siemens, the shares of BenQ dropped by 2.7 % on the Taiwan Stock Exchange. The new business division of BenQ Mobile commenced its operation in October, 2005 in Munich, Germany with 7000 employees across the globe. The handset operations of Siemens allowed BenQ to compete with leading brands, but the current prime customers of BenQ had a conflict of interests because of the collaboration between Siemens and BenQ. By September 2006, BenQ decided not to invest money in its German subsidiary to cut loss. The interests of the creditors were protected and the subsidiary filed for insolvency in Munich court. There was loss of 3000 jobs in German because of this failure. The high context culture of BenQ and the low context culture of Siemens, failed communication and difference in organizational culture resulted in this failed acquisition. The media commentators, labor leaders and politicians in Germany felt that BenQ did not have experience in marketing and lacked competence and the acquisition of Siemens by BenQ was an economic and social disaster (Cheng. and Seeger 2011). The Critical Challenges those Multicultural companies might face Multicultural companies face challenges with communication, difference in culture and diversity. The difference in culture among employees of a multicultural company results in language barriers and communication practices which are divergent in nature. Intercultural communication has two comparison points which are influential which are 1) The idea of context and 2) The value/ belief theory of culture. A multicultural company has a workforce with different cultural values, for instance, the high-context culture where people demonstrate deep involvement with one another and in a low context individualized culture where people are demonstrate little involvement with each other. Values are the foundation of culture and collective programming is influenced by values (Huxham and Vangen 2013). The people belonging to similar culture share similar patterns of feeling, thinking reacting and acting and thus a particular event is perceived in different ways by people from different cultures. Power distance, masculinity or femininity, avoidance of uncertainty, individualism or collectivism and long-term and short term orientation are different cultural dimensions founded by Hofstede. Multi-cultural companies have a diverse workforce from different countries and thus their cultural values are affected by the 5 cultural dimensions of Hofstede. Also multicultural companies have multicultural teams and have to deal with challenges of diversity-both surface level diversity like ethnicity, age, gender and deep-level diversity like differences in values, attitudes and beliefs. Also, people with different cultural background have different mode of learning and it is a challenge for multi-cultural companies (Hunt 2014). Cultural difference challenge in case of BenQ and Siemens BenQ is a company from Taiwan and Siemens is a company from German. The culture of BenQ was influenced by oriental Confucian culture whereas that of Siemens was Germanic European culture. The culture in Taiwan is more collectivist and rule-oriented and less assertive and future oriented. The culture in German is focused on contracts, agreements, individual rights and personal independence. On the index of individualism, Germans scored 67 and Taiwanese scored 17. Taiwanese society has a collectivistic culture and employees have a strong sense of organizational belonging while Germans prefer challenges, time, and freedom and are highly individualistic. The difference in culture created a gap between the German subordinates of Siemens who were highly individualistic and Taiwanese employers of BenQ who were highly collectivistic. There was turnover in executive management of Siemens. Taiwanese scored 58 and score of Germans was 35 in the scale of power distance. Germany has a strong unio n and collective tariff agreements between representatives of trade unions and employers association fix salaries of German employers. Germans separate work and private lives, they do not work on Sundays and public holidays and have six weeks of paid vacation while Taiwanese are ready to work on weekends and holidays if there is a requirement by their organization. Thus, BenQ faced the challenge of maintaining good relationship with union labor of Siemens. In the index of avoidance of uncertainty , Taiwanese ranked 69 and Germans ranked 65. Taiwanese have fear of failure and avoid risks. The electronics company of Taiwan adopts procedures of cost-cutting and after acquiring Siemens, BenQ had NT$36.7 billion loss. Business schedules in German are flexible while it is rigid in Taiwan. The production schedule, new product development and marketing plan of BenQ were delayed after acquisition of Siemens because of the difference in organizational culture. The R D of new products across BenQ and Siemens and the incompatible culture of the two companies were not integrated by BenQ and thus the company faced financial problems due to the cultural difference. BenQ was a Taiwanese company and focused on product diversification, adaptability, resilience, flexibility and innovation with an informal organizational structure whereas Siemens had a formal organizational structure with a decision-making process which was methodical. Also, there were challenges of cross- cultural communication, the Taiwanese have a subtle style of communication while communication style in German companies are assertive, the employees of BenQ could not speak German resulting in barriers of communication. The intercultural failure resulted in failed acquisition of Siemens by BenQ (Cheng. and Seeger 2011). Actions taken to minimize each of the challenges Actions were taken to minimize the challenges. BenQ managed to maintain a cordial relationship with the labor union of Siemens. Lee, the chairman of BenQ made a public apology to the stakeholders of German and Taiwan at Institutional Investor Conference and promises for the future was delivered in this conference. Lee also hoped to recover the financial loss and achieve healthy growth. In order to take corrective action to meet the financial crisis, Chairman Lee wanted to resign at the board meeting. Trust between BenQ and Siemens Initially trust was displayed between BenQ and Siemens in order to achieve collaborative advantage financially and operationally. Chairman Lee of BenQ retained the CEO of Siemens Joos along with 2800 R D employees in order to make a smooth transition. However, the employees of Siemens did not have trust in BenQ. The mechanism of internal communication adopted by BenQ at the beginning of the deal was not appropriate resulting in anxiety and rumors among German employees. There was miscommunication and disagreement over the new products development process and the speed of reorganization between the German management and headquarters at Taipei of BenQ. The decision of BenQ to terminate financial support for the German subsidiary was rational for Taiwanese but was severely condemned in German. The implementation plan of new business strategies for BenQ- Siemens unit was not communicated among employees in a concise and consistent manner by BenQ resulting in miscommunication and lack of trust. The employees of BenQ was not fluent in German and there was communication barrier between the companies resulting in lack of trust because the high context Taiwanese culture preferred subtle communication while the low-context Germans preferred to communicate directly. Lee did not communicate directly about the layoff of the employees of Siemens to avoid direct disagreement and thus the German employees felt deceived later on (Cheng. and Seeger 2011). The ways trust can be built and restored for a better collaboration outcome Trust can be restored for a better collaboration outcome with the help of an innovative communication model (Alguezaui and Filieri 2014). The two clashing cultures of companies during a merger and acquisition process can be integrated with the help of an open communication model. The organizational uncertainty and stress can be successfully reduced with clear communication. The anxiety and tension of employees increases due to communication gap resulting in grapevine. In culturally distant countries misinterpretation occurs of the actions and messages of the acquiring firm which are misconstrued, ambiguity can be reduced and expectations can be clarified by adopting an open communication model. Foreign language proficiency among employees can reduce the barrier in communication and build trust resulting in better collaborative outcome. The communication process should be clear and concise for a better collaborative outcome and to build trust. The communication program should be emplo yee-centered and the organizations should focus on a high level of relationship building among employees to restore a better collaborative outcome. Also, the managers of an organization should make sure that employees are not deceived by revealing accurate information. The concept of face-concern is of paramount importance to build trust, for instance, individualists try to save their own face and collectivists save the face of members of a group. In order to restore a better outcome of collaboration and build trust, the difference of the high context and low context organizational culture should be minimized. A balanced approach between individualism and collectivism, power distance and avoidance of uncertainty can result in a better outcome of collaboration. The board of directors should protect stakeholders when an organization is hit by crisis to build trust and restore collaboration. Reference Lists Alguezaui, S. and Filieri, R., 2014. A knowledge-based view of the extending enterprise for enhancing a collaborative innovation advantage.International journal of agile systems and management,7(2), pp.116-131. Bingham, L.B. and O'leary, R., 2014.Big ideas in collaborative public management. Routledge. Cao, M. and Zhang, Q., 2013. Introduction. InSupply Chain Collaboration(pp. 1-15). Springer London. Cheng, S.S. and Seeger, M.W. (2011). Cultural Differences and Communication Issues in International Mergers and Acquisitions: A Case Study of BenQ Debacle. International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 2, No. 24, Special Issue December 2011. Foss, N.J. and Knudsen, C. eds., 2013.Towards a competence theory of the firm(Vol. 2). Routledge. Hunt, S.D., 2014.Marketing theory: foundations, controversy, strategy, and resource-advantage theory. Routledge. Huxham, C. and Vangen, S., 2013.Managing to collaborate: The theory and practice of collaborative advantage. Routledge. Kozlenkova, I.V., Samaha, S.A. and Palmatier, R.W., 2014. Resource-based theory in marketing.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,42(1), pp.1-21.